Smokers had higher levels of harmful bacteria – like Fusobacterium, Campylobacter and Tannerella forsythia – in their mouths.

Traditional healers are trusted healthcare providers in many communities, and recent efforts have focused on integrating them into formal healthcare systems.

In Gauteng, poor management and resource shortages in public healthcare are blamed for the high number of medical negligence cases.

Physical inactivity and obesity, often associated with heavy drinking, also separately increase cancer risks but on top of alcohol makes this much worse.

The surgical backlogs, which have been attributed to a shortage of skilled specialists, has exacerbated such cases.